Additively Manufactured Bioreactors for Scaffold-Coupled Electrical Stimulation.

Electrical stimulation (ES) modulates diverse cellular processes, yet in vitro platforms often lack precision, scalability, and compatibility with 3D bioscaffolds. We present a modular bioreactor system that delivers low-voltage, bioscaffold-coupled ES via conductive graphene foam, enabling real-time waveform monitoring and live cell imaging. Components were fabricated using low-cost stereolithography with BioMed Clear resin and validated through mechanical, chemical, and cytocompatibility analyses. Printed parts exhibited high dimensional accuracy, retained mechanical integrity post-sterilization, and supported >90% cell viability. Electrical measurements confirmed ohmic behavior and signal fidelity under physiological conditions. Calcium imaging revealed a >230% fluorescence increase during stimulation, indicating a robust cellular response. This platform provides a reproducible, accessible tool for probing ES-driven behavior in electroactive 3D microenvironments.