Journal of dentistry · 2026
Effects of printing orientation and postpolymerization time on the color stability, gloss, surface roughness, and Vickers hardness of an additively manufactured occlusal splint material.
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Abdulai Dalndushe, Sasany Rafat, Aldowah Omir, Mosaddad Seyed Ali
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study evaluated the effects of printing orientation and postpolymerization time on the color stability, gloss, surface roughness, and Vickers hardness of an occlusal splint material fabricated by additive manufacturing after artificial aging.
METHODS: Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from a photopolymer occlusal splint resin at 0-degree, 45-degree, and 90-degree printing orientations and subjected to 10- or 20 min postpolymerization. Separate specimen sets were used for optical, surface-roughness, and Vickers-hardness evaluations. Color stability and gloss specimens were thermocycled and then immersed in distilled water, coffee, or black tea. Surface roughness and Vickers hardness were measured before and after thermocycling. Color differences were calculated by using the CIEDE2000 formula. Data were analyzed by using Generalized Estimating Equations, effect-size estimates, and Bonferroni-adjusted multiple comparisons (α = .05).
RESULTS: Printing orientation affected color stability after coffee (p = .016; ηp² = 0.064) and black tea immersion (p = .009; ηp² = 0.072), gloss (p < .001; ηp² = 0.120), and Vickers hardness (p < .001; ηp² = 0.115), but not surface roughness. Postpolymerization time affected coffee-related color change (p = .030; ηp² = 0.038) and gloss (p = .017; ηp² = 0.040). Aging condition showed the largest effects across outcomes, particularly for color stability, gloss, and Vickers hardness (ηp² = 0.439 to 0.903). Staining media increased color change and reduced gloss, whereas thermocycling increased surface roughness and substantially reduced Vickers hardness.
CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this in vitro study and for the tested material-printer-postpolymerization workflow, printing orientation, postpolymerization time, and aging condition influenced the evaluated properties, although the magnitude and direction of these effects varied by outcome.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Manufacturing parameters and aging conditions may affect the optical, surface, and mechanical behavior of occlusal splints fabricated by additive manufacturing. The selection of printing orientation and postpolymerization time should consider esthetic stability, surface quality, and mechanical performance.
METHODS: Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from a photopolymer occlusal splint resin at 0-degree, 45-degree, and 90-degree printing orientations and subjected to 10- or 20 min postpolymerization. Separate specimen sets were used for optical, surface-roughness, and Vickers-hardness evaluations. Color stability and gloss specimens were thermocycled and then immersed in distilled water, coffee, or black tea. Surface roughness and Vickers hardness were measured before and after thermocycling. Color differences were calculated by using the CIEDE2000 formula. Data were analyzed by using Generalized Estimating Equations, effect-size estimates, and Bonferroni-adjusted multiple comparisons (α = .05).
RESULTS: Printing orientation affected color stability after coffee (p = .016; ηp² = 0.064) and black tea immersion (p = .009; ηp² = 0.072), gloss (p < .001; ηp² = 0.120), and Vickers hardness (p < .001; ηp² = 0.115), but not surface roughness. Postpolymerization time affected coffee-related color change (p = .030; ηp² = 0.038) and gloss (p = .017; ηp² = 0.040). Aging condition showed the largest effects across outcomes, particularly for color stability, gloss, and Vickers hardness (ηp² = 0.439 to 0.903). Staining media increased color change and reduced gloss, whereas thermocycling increased surface roughness and substantially reduced Vickers hardness.
CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this in vitro study and for the tested material-printer-postpolymerization workflow, printing orientation, postpolymerization time, and aging condition influenced the evaluated properties, although the magnitude and direction of these effects varied by outcome.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Manufacturing parameters and aging conditions may affect the optical, surface, and mechanical behavior of occlusal splints fabricated by additive manufacturing. The selection of printing orientation and postpolymerization time should consider esthetic stability, surface quality, and mechanical performance.