Long-lasting antibacterial fabrics with hydrophobic, self-cleaning, and blood stain-resistant properties fabricated by ZnO@OTS coating.

Fabrics tend to absorb moisture and foster bacterial growth during use, due to surface hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl groups. Economically and environmentally, extending antibacterial efficacy through hydrophobic treatment proves highly viable. This study employed pressurized impregnation to load ZnO NPs onto polyester (PET) and cotton fabrics, subsequently modified by octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) spraying. Post-OTS treatment, the fabrics achieved water contact angles (WCA) of 148.74 ± 0.95° and 145.47 ± 1.13°, respectively. The composite coating displays substrate adaptability by resisting stains from ordinary liquids (tea, milk, coffee, vinegar, cola, etc.) and synthetic blood while maintaining natural breathability. Bacterial eradication is accomplished by synergistic methods, which include electrostatic interactions between ZnO NPs and bacteria, as well as light-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), giving the fabrics dual antibacterial and hydrophobic properties. The material's antibacterial and hydrophobic qualities remain constant even after acid-base immersion, UV irradiation, mechanical friction, repeated washing, and ultrasonic treatment. This fully fluorine-free approach is environmentally beneficial, increasing fabrics' application possibilities in industries such as fabric manufacturing and medicine.