Nitrogen-limitation exacerbates the impact of ultraviolet radiation on the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica.

To investigate effects of UV radiation (UVR, 280-400 nm) on coccolithophorids under nutrient-limited conditions, we grew Gephyrocapsa oceanica to determine its resilience to consecutive daily short-term exposures to +UVR (irradiances >295 nm) under a range of nitrate availabilities (100, 24, 12, 6 and 3 μM). +UVR alone significantly hampered the growth of G. oceanica, with the synergistic negative effects of +UVR and N-limitation being about 58% and 22% greater than under UVR or N-limitation alone, respectively. Most 3 μM nitrate cultures died, but those exposed to UVR succumbed sooner. This was due to a failure of photoprotection and repair mechanisms under low N-availability with exposures to UVR. Additionally, the UVR-induced inhibition of the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) was significantly higher and was further aggravated by N limitation. The algal cells increased photoprotective pigments and UV-absorbing compounds as a priority rather than using calcification for defense against UVR, indicating a trade-off in energy and resource allocation. Our results indicate the negative effects of UVR on coccolithophorid growth and photosynthesis, and highlight the important role of N availability in defense against UVR as well as high PAR. We predict that enhanced N-limitation in future surface oceans due to warming-induced stratification will exacerbate the sensitivity of G. oceanica to UVR, while coccolithophores can be potentially more susceptible to other environmental stresses due to increased levels of nutrient limitation.