Brain research bulletin · 2026
Sex-dependent hemodynamic responses in the whole brain during single-session fNIRS neurofeedback.
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Wu Peirong, Wei Mindong, Li Yijiang, Bi Yinuo, Xue Yuan, Zhao Xin, Wang Chaowen, Jiang Wenyu
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based neurofeedback (fNIRS-NF) training shows potential for improving cognitive function. However, current paradigms often overlook individual differences-particularly gender-specific effects on neuroplastic responses. This study investigates gender's role by analyzing brain functional characteristics during neurofeedback training across genders.
METHODS: A total of 38 subjects (20 males and 18 females) were included in this study. All subjects completed neuropsychological tests, followed by a single NIRS-NF training session targeting the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).
RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in demographic data, neuropsychological test scores, or neurofeedback training scores between the male and female groups (p > 0.05). During neurofeedback training, the target brain region was primarily activated in the left DLPFC, with no difference in activation patterns between the two groups (p > 0.05, FDR corrected). Functional connectivity analysis revealed that males exhibited higher whole-brain connectivity strength than females (p < 0.05, FDR corrected). Specifically, the connectivity strength between the prefrontal lobe and right parietal lobe (r = 0.420，p = 0.008), as well as between the prefrontal lobe and posterior frontal area (r = 0.383，p = 0.017), was positively correlated with neurofeedback training scores.
CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that individuals can successfully achieve regulation of the target brain region through a single session of neurofeedback, while highlighting the necessity of considering gender-specific brain network characteristics in the development of personalized neurofeedback paradigms.
METHODS: A total of 38 subjects (20 males and 18 females) were included in this study. All subjects completed neuropsychological tests, followed by a single NIRS-NF training session targeting the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).
RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in demographic data, neuropsychological test scores, or neurofeedback training scores between the male and female groups (p > 0.05). During neurofeedback training, the target brain region was primarily activated in the left DLPFC, with no difference in activation patterns between the two groups (p > 0.05, FDR corrected). Functional connectivity analysis revealed that males exhibited higher whole-brain connectivity strength than females (p < 0.05, FDR corrected). Specifically, the connectivity strength between the prefrontal lobe and right parietal lobe (r = 0.420，p = 0.008), as well as between the prefrontal lobe and posterior frontal area (r = 0.383，p = 0.017), was positively correlated with neurofeedback training scores.
CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that individuals can successfully achieve regulation of the target brain region through a single session of neurofeedback, while highlighting the necessity of considering gender-specific brain network characteristics in the development of personalized neurofeedback paradigms.