Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2025
Incidence of developmental disorders and special educational needs and disabilities in children in the UK.
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Pettinger Katherine, Blower Sarah, Boyle Elaine, Hewitt Catherine, Fraser Lorna
Аннотация
AIM: To investigate the incidence of developmental disorders (including cerebral palsy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder) and special educational needs provision and to explore associations with gestational age and ethnicity.
METHOD: Cumulative incidence of developmental disorders and special educational needs provision up to age 12 years/end of school year 7 respectively was explored using multivariable logistic regression in the Born in Bradford cohort, UK. Incidence rates of individual developmental disorders were calculated.
RESULTS: There were 13 172 children included in the analysis cohort. Birth before full term was associated with increased odds of developmental disorder compared with birth at full term: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for those born before 34 weeks 2.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58-3.12); 34 to 36 weeks aOR 1.43 (95% CI 1.12-1.81); 37 to 38 weeks aOR 1.18 (95% CI 1.03-1.34). Effect sizes were larger among Pakistani heritage children: aOR for those born before 34 weeks 2.59 (95% CI 1.55-4.33); 34 to 36 weeks aOR 1.57 (95% CI 1.08-2.27); 37 to 38 weeks aOR 1.29 (95% CI 1.06-1.56). Unadjusted incidence rates of developmental disorders varied with ethnicity; compared with Pakistani heritage children, White British children had higher rates (per 1000 person-years) of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (1.8, 95% CI 1.5-2.1 vs. 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.4), and lower incidences of learning disabilities (0.7, 95% CI 0.5-1.0 vs. 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.9).
INTERPRETATION: Irrespective of ethnicity, children born before full term are at increased risk of developmental disorders and/or special educational needs.
METHOD: Cumulative incidence of developmental disorders and special educational needs provision up to age 12 years/end of school year 7 respectively was explored using multivariable logistic regression in the Born in Bradford cohort, UK. Incidence rates of individual developmental disorders were calculated.
RESULTS: There were 13 172 children included in the analysis cohort. Birth before full term was associated with increased odds of developmental disorder compared with birth at full term: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for those born before 34 weeks 2.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58-3.12); 34 to 36 weeks aOR 1.43 (95% CI 1.12-1.81); 37 to 38 weeks aOR 1.18 (95% CI 1.03-1.34). Effect sizes were larger among Pakistani heritage children: aOR for those born before 34 weeks 2.59 (95% CI 1.55-4.33); 34 to 36 weeks aOR 1.57 (95% CI 1.08-2.27); 37 to 38 weeks aOR 1.29 (95% CI 1.06-1.56). Unadjusted incidence rates of developmental disorders varied with ethnicity; compared with Pakistani heritage children, White British children had higher rates (per 1000 person-years) of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (1.8, 95% CI 1.5-2.1 vs. 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.4), and lower incidences of learning disabilities (0.7, 95% CI 0.5-1.0 vs. 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.9).
INTERPRETATION: Irrespective of ethnicity, children born before full term are at increased risk of developmental disorders and/or special educational needs.