Changes in young children's behavior following COVID-19 pandemic onset: A tale of three cities.

Several reports have described increases in children's behavior problems since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, but few were based on prospective data or represented groups who disproportionately experienced pandemic-related hardships. This study followed low-income and racially diverse young children from 3 U.S. cities-New York, NY, Pittsburgh, PA, and Tulsa, OK-with repeated measures of child behavior between 2016 and 2023. A total of 1,124 children were included (50% female; 48% Hispanic/Latine; 30% Black; 22% White/Other race/ethnicity; aged 3-7 at pandemic onset). Results reveal different patterns of behavior change by city. In New York, children's behavior stayed the same or slightly improved following the pandemic onset, whereas it stayed the same or got slightly worse in Tulsa, and got worse in Pittsburgh. Future studies of pandemic impacts should consider regional variation.