The Science of the total environment · 2025
Invisible hazards of ultrafine particles (UFPs) from Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) fire smoke as emerging public health risks: A critical review of transformation dynamics from emission sources, exposure pathways, and vulnerable population to WUI fire toxicants.
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Rumi Md Jalal Uddin, Wu Yulin, Zhang Mengying, Li Rui, Song Guowen
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: This review synthesizes atmospheric chemistry, toxicology, and environmental justice to assess public health risks from ultrafine particles (UFPs, <100 nm) in Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) fire smoke. It explores UFP emission sources, transformation dynamics, exposure pathways, and disproportionate impacts on vulnerable populations, while evaluating advanced characterization methods and identifying knowledge gaps and formulating systematic future research directions.
MAIN FINDING: WUI fires, driven by climate change and urban expansion, produce UFPs accounting for 77-90 % of particle number concentrations (up to 1.25 × 105 particles/cm3) and 11.7-31.4 % of particulate mass, enriched with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals (0.01-1 μg/m3), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from synthetic materials (e.g., plastics, batteries). Photochemical aging generates secondary organic aerosols and ozone, heightening toxicity. Techniques like high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (~10 nm resolution) and high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry clarify UFP properties, while machine learning enhances exposure modeling using satellite and ground data. UFPs breach biological barriers, causing oxidative stress and inflammation, with an 87 % asthma prevalence increase and elevated cardiovascular, neurological, and carcinogenic risks, disproportionately affecting low-income, indigenous groups, and firefighters due to systemic inequities.
KNOWLEDGE GAPS: Critical gaps include standardized real-time UFP monitoring, poor understanding of aging dynamics, incomplete emission profiles from mixed fuels, and insufficient data on UFP-PAH toxicity and heavy metal emissions from electric vehicles (EVs) involved in WUI fires.
IMPLICATIONS: This review advocates enhanced real-time monitoring and systematic future research directions to unveil the risks of UFPs from WUI Fires and mitigate WUI fire smoke impacts.
MAIN FINDING: WUI fires, driven by climate change and urban expansion, produce UFPs accounting for 77-90 % of particle number concentrations (up to 1.25 × 105 particles/cm3) and 11.7-31.4 % of particulate mass, enriched with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals (0.01-1 μg/m3), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from synthetic materials (e.g., plastics, batteries). Photochemical aging generates secondary organic aerosols and ozone, heightening toxicity. Techniques like high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (~10 nm resolution) and high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry clarify UFP properties, while machine learning enhances exposure modeling using satellite and ground data. UFPs breach biological barriers, causing oxidative stress and inflammation, with an 87 % asthma prevalence increase and elevated cardiovascular, neurological, and carcinogenic risks, disproportionately affecting low-income, indigenous groups, and firefighters due to systemic inequities.
KNOWLEDGE GAPS: Critical gaps include standardized real-time UFP monitoring, poor understanding of aging dynamics, incomplete emission profiles from mixed fuels, and insufficient data on UFP-PAH toxicity and heavy metal emissions from electric vehicles (EVs) involved in WUI fires.
IMPLICATIONS: This review advocates enhanced real-time monitoring and systematic future research directions to unveil the risks of UFPs from WUI Fires and mitigate WUI fire smoke impacts.