Long-term control of diabetes by tofacitinib-based immunosuppressive regimen after allo islet transplantation in diabetic rhesus monkeys that rejected previously transplanted porcine islets.

Porcine islet xenotransplantation has been highlighted as an alternative to allo islet transplantation. Despite the remarkable progress that has been made in porcine-islet pre-clinical studies in nonhuman primates, immunological tolerance to porcine islets has not been achieved to date. Therefore, allo islet transplantation could be required after the failure of porcine islet xenotransplantation. Here, we report the long-term control of diabetes by allogeneic pancreatic islet transplantation in diabetic rhesus monkeys that rejected previously transplanted porcine islets. Four diabetic male rhesus monkeys received the porcine islets and then allo islets (5700-19 000 IEQ/kg) were re-transplanted for a short or long period after the first xeno islet rejection. The recipient monkeys were treated with an immunosuppressive regimen consisting of ATG, humira, and anakinra for induction, and sirolimus and tofacitinib for maintenance therapy. The graft survival days of allo islets in these monkeys were >440, 395, >273, and 127, respectively, similar to that in allo islet transplanted cynomolgus monkeys that received the same immunosuppressive regimen without xeno sensitization. Taken together, it is likely that prior islet xenotransplantation does not affect the survival of subsequent allo islets under clinically applicable immunosuppressants.