Pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetic properties of mulberroside: A systematical review.

Mulberroside is one of the essential active components found in the white mulberry root. Mulberroside holds significant developmental potential due to a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, liver-protective, lung-protective and antitussive, bone marrow-protective, antithrombotic, uric acid-lowering, and hypoglycemic activities. Because of low bioavailability and rapid metabolism, the pharmacokinetic data for mulberroside remain unsatisfactory. Hence, subsequent studies need to improve the bioavailability of mulberroside via appropriate routes of administration or pharmaceutical preparations to provide references for clinical applications. This review aimed to summarize the latest progress in pharmacokinetic and pharmacological regard to provide references for the further development and use of mulberroside.