Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026
Adverse childhood experiences and physiological wear-and-tear in adolescence: Findings from the Generation XXI cohort.
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Abrahamyan Armine, Severo Milton, Kelly-Irving Michelle, Correia-Costa Liane, Amorim Mariana, Soares Sara, Fraga Sílvia
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Adversity-induced stress may increase vulnerability to biological risk and contribute to cumulative physiological dysregulation, as reflected by elevated allostatic load (AL). We aimed to estimate the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and AL at two different time points in a pediatric population from the population-based Generation XXI birth cohort.
METHODS: Total ACE scores were derived from prospectively collected data at ages 10 and 13. AL was assessed using nine biomarkers across four physiological systems: cardiovascular, metabolic, immune/inflammatory, and renal. We analyzed a sample of 3787 participants with data collected at baseline and two subsequent follow-up waves. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from linear and logistic regression analyses to estimate the associations between ACEs measured at ages 10 and 13and the AL index at age 13.
RESULTS: We found a significant association between exposure to ACE at age 13 and an elevated AL index at the same age (β = 0.004; 95 % CI [0.001; 0.006]), but not at age 10 (β = 0.001; 95 %CI [-0.002; 0.004]). In the analysis of individual ACEs, we found that when ACEs occurred before age 10, parental separation or divorce (β = 0.024; 95 %CI [0.007; 0.042]) emerged as a significant factor contributing to increased AL index. When adversity occurred between ages 10 and 13, parental separation or divorce (β = 0.023; 95 %CI [0.007; 0.039]), difficulties in school (β = 0.021; 95 %CI [0.007; 0.035]), and household alcohol/drug use (β = 0.058; 95 %CI [0.011; 0.106]) during this period were associated with increased AL burden at age 13, after adjusting for adolescents' age, sex, height, and maternal education. Biomarker-level analyses showed that, among the four physiological systems comprising AL, metabolic and immune systems appeared most responsive to ACEs.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that adolescents exposed to selected ACEs at age 10 showed increased AL burden, with cumulative ACEs by age 13 further amplifying this association.
METHODS: Total ACE scores were derived from prospectively collected data at ages 10 and 13. AL was assessed using nine biomarkers across four physiological systems: cardiovascular, metabolic, immune/inflammatory, and renal. We analyzed a sample of 3787 participants with data collected at baseline and two subsequent follow-up waves. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from linear and logistic regression analyses to estimate the associations between ACEs measured at ages 10 and 13and the AL index at age 13.
RESULTS: We found a significant association between exposure to ACE at age 13 and an elevated AL index at the same age (β = 0.004; 95 % CI [0.001; 0.006]), but not at age 10 (β = 0.001; 95 %CI [-0.002; 0.004]). In the analysis of individual ACEs, we found that when ACEs occurred before age 10, parental separation or divorce (β = 0.024; 95 %CI [0.007; 0.042]) emerged as a significant factor contributing to increased AL index. When adversity occurred between ages 10 and 13, parental separation or divorce (β = 0.023; 95 %CI [0.007; 0.039]), difficulties in school (β = 0.021; 95 %CI [0.007; 0.035]), and household alcohol/drug use (β = 0.058; 95 %CI [0.011; 0.106]) during this period were associated with increased AL burden at age 13, after adjusting for adolescents' age, sex, height, and maternal education. Biomarker-level analyses showed that, among the four physiological systems comprising AL, metabolic and immune systems appeared most responsive to ACEs.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that adolescents exposed to selected ACEs at age 10 showed increased AL burden, with cumulative ACEs by age 13 further amplifying this association.