Traumatic brain injury in the pediatric population.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common injury among children. Most TBIs are mild and do not require hospitalization. However, whether or not the patients require acute hospitalization, TBIs may have long-lasting consequences. There is little research on the nutrient needs of these patients, and recommendations are frequently based on data from adults with TBI. It is clear that calorie and protein needs are elevated with acute TBI. However, calorie needs are also decreased by therapies such as sedation, chemical paralysis, and barbiturate coma. Long-term calorie needs may be lower for "comatose" patients. Enteral feeding is preferred and possible for patients with TBI, though gastric feeding may be problematic in some patients. In the acute phase, patients with TBI can also have dysregulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, which may require alterations in nutrition care. Dysphagia is common after moderately severe TBI and requires a multidisciplinary approach for treatment. Future opportunities for research on pediatric TBI are numerous and may include ongoing clarification of macronutrient needs, as well as investigation into the roles of specific nutrients such as zinc, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory compounds.