From random to rational: A discovery approach to selective subnanomolar inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrase IV based on the Castagnoli-Cushman multicomponent reaction.

By exploiting the power of multicomponent chemistry, a relatively small, diverse set of primary sulfonamides was synthesized and screened against a panel of human carbonic anhydrases to reveal a low-nanomolar, albeit non-selective hCA IV lead inhibitor. Investigation of the docking poses of this compound identified a hydrophilic pocket unique to hCA IV and conveniently positioned near the carboxylate functionality of the initial lead. Various residues capable of forming hydrogen bonds as well as salt bridges were placed in this pocket via a carboxamides linkage, which led to drastic improvement of potency and selectivity towards hCA IV. This improvement of the desired inhibitory profile was rationalized by the new contacts as had been envisioned. These new tool compounds were shown to possess selective, dose-dependent cytotoxicity against human glioma T98G cell line. The latter showed a substantially increased hCA IV mRNA expression under hypoxic conditions.