The future of therapeutic agents in aquaculture.

The implementation and monitoring of fish health regulations vary extensively in aquaculture throughout the world. In the main salmon-producing countries, there is strict regulatory oversight of the use of pharmaceutical drugs. Such controls have supported the sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry and, in Norway, aquaculture has been able to reduce its total consumption of antibiotics by more than 99% between 1995 and today, yet there has been a 20-fold rise in production volume. Other countries on other continents may have less control, with no mandatory prescription regulations and variable quality of the pharmaceutical products available. A good regulatory framework, with control and monitoring systems, should be established in all countries where aquaculture is practised and veterinary medicinal products should only be available under veterinary prescription and supervision. Many drug resistance genes have been identified, and molecular methods should be applied to control drug resistance in the microbial and parasitic populations of all major aquaculture-producing regions.