Recognizing and Managing Pancreaticopleural Fistulas in Children.

Background: Pancreaticopleural fistula, an abnormal communication between the pancreas and the pleural cavity, is a rare complication of pancreatic disease in children and is mainly associated with acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, trauma or iatrogenicinjury. The present review presents the current available data concerning the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management of this unusual but difficult clinical problem among children, in order to shed light on its pathologic manifestation and raise clinical suspicion.Methods: The review of the literature was performed through a PubMed search of pediatric original articles and case reports, using the key words "pancreaticopleural fistula", "pancreatitis", "pleural effusion", "pseudocyst" and "children". The literature search revealed 47 cases of pediatric patients with pancreaticopleural fistula.Results: Diagnosis is based on the patient's medical history, physical examination and imaging, while the cornerstone of diagnosis is the presence of high pleural effusion amylase levels. The management of this disorder includes conservative, endoscopic and surgical treatment options. If treated promptly and properly, this clinical entity could have a lower rate of complications.Conclusions: The incidence of pancreaticopleural fistula in children may be underestimated in the literature, due to a reduced degree of clinical suspicion. A more heightened awareness of this entity is needed to improve the quality of life in children that suffer from this condition, as early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and improved outcome.