Severe atopic dermatitis in early infancy: characteristics, challenges and new perspectives in clinical practice.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common skin disease in infants and children with a prevalence of 10% in the first two years of life. In this age group up to 15% are severely affected. "Children are not little adults" - this applies in particular to infants with severe atopic dermatitis. Age-specific clinical aspects (psychosocial, neurocognitive, morphological) of the disease require an adjusted disease management. Considering recent approval of systemic treatment options, early identification of infants and children with severe and early persistent disease is of particular importance also in view of possible prevention of atopic comorbidity. As several inborn errors of immunity (IEI) share features of the atopic phenotype, it is essential for clinicians to distinguish signs of immunodeficiency from severe AD. Here, we describe a practical approach on the basis of clinical history and key dermatological and laboratory findings. Furthermore, this paper is aimed at providing an update on general management of severe AD in early infancy, including recommendations for systemic treatment.