The associations of early and surgical menopause with 10-year employment trajectories bracketing final menstruation or surgery.

OBJECTIVES

This study examines the employment trajectories of women experiencing early and surgical menopause over a 10-year period bracketing their final menstruation or surgery, representing for most women the menopause transition. It also investigates the potential mediating role of hormone therapy in early postmenopause in these relationships.

METHODS

We used data from 1,386 women in the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) who had undergone natural menopause, premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy or hysterectomy. We used sequence analysis of employment histories to define 3 different 10-year employment trajectories. We then carried out regression analysis to assess associations between timing and type of menopause on employment, followed by mediation analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by excluding cases with hysterectomy with preserved ovaries.

RESULTS

Women with early menopause, compared with those who undergo menopause at 45 or older, are less likely to have flexible working arrangements (part-time work or self-employment) compared with full-time work during this sensitive period (relative risk ratio [RRR], 0.70; 95% CI: 0.51-0.97). However, the likelihood of leaving the labor market compared with working full-time is similar in women with early and later menopause (RRR, 0.95; 95% CI: 0.62-1.41). Surgical menopause, compared with natural menopause, is associated with an increased risk of labor market exit (RRR, 1.45; 95% CI: 1.01-2.32), particularly for women aged 45 or older at the time of surgery (RRR, 1.50; 95% CI: 0.94-2.38). Hormone therapy use may help reduce the risk of labor market exit for women with both early (RRR NATURAL INDIRECT EFFECT [NIE] , 0.79; 95% CI BIAS-CORRECTED [BC] , 0.58-1.04) and surgical menopause (RRR NIE , 0.73; 95% CI BC , 0.53-1.01). Sensitivity analysis suggests that the potential reduction in labor market exit risk via hormone therapy for early menopausal women holds true only when women with hysterectomy with preserved ovaries are included.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study highlights that early menopause and surgical menopause, including hysterectomy with preserved ovaries, impact women's labor market trajectories and suggests that hormone therapy within the early years of the final menstruation may help women remain employed. We advocate for further research on the impact of the timing and type of menopause on women's labor market circumstances and for workplace policies that consider their diverse experiences.