Exposure to sub-concussive head injury in boxing and other sports.

BACKGROUND

Current characterizations of chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI) in boxing, football and other sports are reviewed in the context of the history of research on sub-concussive brain trauma in athletes.

METHODS

The utility of exposure models for understanding CTBI in boxers is examined and concerns regarding the paucity of findings supportive of an exposure model for CTBI in football players are discussed.

RESULTS AND

CONCLUSIONS

Recommendations for development of exposure models for sport-specific phenotypic characterizations of CTBI are presented.