Cardiovascular complications in children with chronic kidney disease.

The lifespan of children with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains low compared with the general pediatric population. As in adults with CKD, cardiovascular disease accounts for the majority of deaths in children with CKD, as these patients have a high prevalence of traditional and uremia-related risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The cardiovascular adaptations that precipitate these terminal events begin in predialysis CKD. Initially, these alterations increase left ventricular performance and vascular function to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis. However, these modifications are unable to sustain cardiovascular function in the long term and ultimately lead to left ventricular failure, impaired cardiorespiratory fitness and even sudden death. In this Review, we provide an update on the prevalence of the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease in pediatric patients with CKD, the cardiac and vascular adaptations that occur in these patients and the management of cardiovascular risk in this population.