Investigation of coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses, and poxviruses in free-ranging anteaters and armadillos: a search for the unknown in Brazil.

Xenarthrans face increasing viral threats from anthropogenic pressures and domestic animals. In this study, we investigated the presence of coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses, and poxviruses in anteaters and armadillos from Brazilian biomes. We screened 236 individuals for these viruses by molecular methods. Canine distemper virus (CDV) was identified in four giant anteaters and one six-banded armadillo. A poxvirus, showing 88% sequence identity to molluscum contagiosum virus, was detected in one giant anteater. No coronaviruses were detected. These findings expand our knowledge on the host range of CDV and the circulation of divergent poxvirus in wildlife, with implications for conservation and zoonotic disease surveillance.