Insomnia, Sleep, and the Use of Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs: Practical Notes.

Sleep is an important biological function. This article considers practical matters related to the prescription of sedative-hypnotic drugs to patients with insomnia. This article also presents practical suggestions for the management of excessive sedation in patients who need pharmacologic treatments with sedating adverse effects when dose reduction is not an option. Issues examined include the choice of drug for sleep-onset insomnia and for sleep-maintenance insomnia; the choice of drug for insomnia in patients with psychiatric disorders; sedative-hypnotic dosing in contexts such as perturbation of multiple neurotransmitter systems; metabolic drug interactions with sedative-hypnotic drugs; gastrointestinal absorption of hypnotic drugs and time to onset of drowsiness; the effect of food on absorption and time to onset of drowsiness; the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) drugs on absorption and time to onset of drowsiness; the importance of half-life for the duration of action of the sedative-hypnotic drug; strategies to address oversedation with sedating psychotropic drugs; treating insomnia with classical monoamine oxidase inhibitors, especially tranylcypromine; optimization of sedative-hypnotic therapy; provision of patient guidance; and related matters. Readers are also reminded that sleep hygiene and cognitive-behavioral approaches should routinely be combined with sedative-hypnotic drug therapy to optimize insomnia care and improve treatment outcomes.