Virtual comparison microscopy revolutionizing firearms identification: A review of methods, validity, and admissibility.

Virtual comparison microscopy (VCM) affords firearms identification beneficial techniques and tools that the more traditional method of light comparison microscopy (LCM) does not offer. This new imaging method allows for the fast generation of 3-dimensional images that can be used for the examination of surface topography with a resolution unprecedented in firearms identification. Whether through coherence scanning interferometry or photometric stereomicroscopy, VCM is hitting its stride in a new age of firearms examination. While several validation studies indicate that VCM has a lower inconclusive rate and a lower error rate than LCM, a precedent has been set for the admissibility of VCM at trial. Having cleared all validity, admissibility, and standards hurdles, VCM is now poised to revolutionize the process of firearms identification.