Electrochemical biosensors for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) detection.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly high-risk types 16 and 18, is a significant global health concern due to its strong association with cervical cancer and other malignancies. While traditional detection methods, such as Pap smears and visual examinations, have long served as standard screening tools, their limitations have driven the development of more sensitive and specific detection technologies. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as promising alternatives, offering advantages such as cost-effectiveness, rapid detection, and potential for point-of-care applications. This review examines various electrochemical biosensor designs, including amperometric, voltammetric, impedimetric, and potentiometric approaches, highlighting their working principles, modifications, and clinical applications. Recent advances in nanomaterial integration, microfluidic systems, and point-of-care devices are discussed, along with technical challenges and future directions. Special attention is given to emerging technologies, such as CRISPR-based detection systems and non-invasive sampling methods. The review concludes by assessing the potential impact of these innovations on global HPV screening programs, particularly in resource-limited settings. This comprehensive review explores the evolution and current state of electrochemical biosensors for HPV detection.