Microbial pathogenesis · 2026
Volatile profile and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Juniperus phoenicea L. and its combination effect with sodium chloride, used in traditional preparation of Djeld of Bouhezza.
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Saoudi Zineddine, Bouguerra Ali, Saadi Sami, Senoussi Asma, Zidoune Mohamed Nasreddine, Aissaoui Zitoun Ouarda
Аннотация
AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to characterise the volatile compounds of Juniperus phoenicea L. essential oil, to evaluate its antibacterial and antifungal properties and to explore its potential interaction with sodium chloride.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Essential oil was extracted from Juniperus phoenicea L. by hydrodistillation, and volatile compounds were analysed by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) to determine its composition. Agar-based disc diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of extracted oils. In addition, the impact of different sodium chloride concentrations in conjunction with the essential oil was assessed to determine their effect on microbial inhibition.
RESULTS: The major volatile compounds of J. phoenicea were α-pinene (26.09%), γ-elemene (7.84%), α-copaene (7.68%), terpinyl acetate (6.65%), trans-caryophyllene (6.48%), δ-cadinene (6.4%), and α-humulene (5.04%). The antimicrobial activity of juniper EO was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The EO exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 9 to 25 mm for four pathogenic bacteria (E. faecalis, E. coli, S. aureus, and L. monocytogenes); in contrast, K. pneumoniae showed complete resistance to the EO, with no detectable inhibition zone (0 mm), and between 8 and 25 mm for four fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Trichoderma sp.). The MBC/MIC and MFC/MIC ratios indicated that the essential oil exhibited bactericidal and fungicidal activity against the tested microbial strains. The MIC values ranged from 1.56 to 3.12 μL/mL for bacteria and from 12.5 to 100 μL/mL for fungi, while MBC values ranged from 3.12 to 6.25 μL/mL and MFC values from 25 to 100 μL/mL. The use of salt doses over 4 to 10% for bacteria and over 5 to 15% for fungi potentiated the inhibition effects, except for S. aureus, which showed salt tolerance.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that juniper EO with sodium chloride possesses high antibacterial and antifungal activities, which render it a potent traditional remedy for preparing 'Djeld of Bouhezza'.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Essential oil was extracted from Juniperus phoenicea L. by hydrodistillation, and volatile compounds were analysed by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) to determine its composition. Agar-based disc diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of extracted oils. In addition, the impact of different sodium chloride concentrations in conjunction with the essential oil was assessed to determine their effect on microbial inhibition.
RESULTS: The major volatile compounds of J. phoenicea were α-pinene (26.09%), γ-elemene (7.84%), α-copaene (7.68%), terpinyl acetate (6.65%), trans-caryophyllene (6.48%), δ-cadinene (6.4%), and α-humulene (5.04%). The antimicrobial activity of juniper EO was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The EO exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 9 to 25 mm for four pathogenic bacteria (E. faecalis, E. coli, S. aureus, and L. monocytogenes); in contrast, K. pneumoniae showed complete resistance to the EO, with no detectable inhibition zone (0 mm), and between 8 and 25 mm for four fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Trichoderma sp.). The MBC/MIC and MFC/MIC ratios indicated that the essential oil exhibited bactericidal and fungicidal activity against the tested microbial strains. The MIC values ranged from 1.56 to 3.12 μL/mL for bacteria and from 12.5 to 100 μL/mL for fungi, while MBC values ranged from 3.12 to 6.25 μL/mL and MFC values from 25 to 100 μL/mL. The use of salt doses over 4 to 10% for bacteria and over 5 to 15% for fungi potentiated the inhibition effects, except for S. aureus, which showed salt tolerance.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that juniper EO with sodium chloride possesses high antibacterial and antifungal activities, which render it a potent traditional remedy for preparing 'Djeld of Bouhezza'.