Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2026
Ophthalmological outcomes, visual perception, fine motor precision, and visual-motor integration in children born very preterm.
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Johansson Martin, Larsson Eva, Holmström Gerd, Kochukhova Olga, Hellström-Westas Lena, Kaul Ylva F
Аннотация
AIM: To explore longitudinal associations between ophthalmological outcome and development of visual perception, fine motor precision, and visual-motor integration (VMI) in children born very preterm (gestational age <32 weeks).
METHOD: This was a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 113 children (51 females, 62 males) born very preterm. Visual acuity, low-contrast visual acuity, stereopsis, and strabismus were investigated at 2 years 6 months (n = 98), 6 years 6 months (n = 84), and 12 years (n = 59). VMI was assessed at 6 years 6 months and 12 years, and visual perception and fine motor precision at 12 years, with the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. Controls born at term were assessed at 6 years 6 months (n = 64) and 12 years (n = 46).
RESULTS: For children born preterm, subnormal visual acuity at 2 years 6 months was related to both poorer VMI and fine motor precision at 12 years. Subnormal visual acuity, strabismus, and stereopsis at 6 years 6 months were also related to poorer VMI, visuo-perceptual, and fine motor measures at 12 years. These associations were not present in controls born at term.
INTERPRETATION: Subnormal ophthalmological function at 2 years 6 months and 6 years 6 months in children born very preterm is related to poorer performance on VMI, visuo-perceptual, and fine motor precision tasks at 12 years, indicating that the quality of visual input interacts with developing visual-motor abilities. The results of this study provide new insights on the relationship between ophthalmological function and neurodevelopment after preterm birth.
METHOD: This was a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 113 children (51 females, 62 males) born very preterm. Visual acuity, low-contrast visual acuity, stereopsis, and strabismus were investigated at 2 years 6 months (n = 98), 6 years 6 months (n = 84), and 12 years (n = 59). VMI was assessed at 6 years 6 months and 12 years, and visual perception and fine motor precision at 12 years, with the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. Controls born at term were assessed at 6 years 6 months (n = 64) and 12 years (n = 46).
RESULTS: For children born preterm, subnormal visual acuity at 2 years 6 months was related to both poorer VMI and fine motor precision at 12 years. Subnormal visual acuity, strabismus, and stereopsis at 6 years 6 months were also related to poorer VMI, visuo-perceptual, and fine motor measures at 12 years. These associations were not present in controls born at term.
INTERPRETATION: Subnormal ophthalmological function at 2 years 6 months and 6 years 6 months in children born very preterm is related to poorer performance on VMI, visuo-perceptual, and fine motor precision tasks at 12 years, indicating that the quality of visual input interacts with developing visual-motor abilities. The results of this study provide new insights on the relationship between ophthalmological function and neurodevelopment after preterm birth.