Exploring Factors Responsible for Delay in Pediatric Cochlear Implantation.

OBJECTIVE

To identify and characterize demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with delays in cochlear implantation (CI) in children.

STUDY

DESIGN

Retrospective.

SETTING

Tertiary pediatric CI referral center.

PATIENTS: All patients under 18 years of age receiving CI between March 2018 and February 2020.

INTERVENTIONS: CI.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome measures included age at implantation and time from hearing loss diagnosis and candidacy evaluation to CI.

RESULTS

Seventy-two patients were identified (44% women, average age at implantation 4.9 yr). Age at implantation was older in patients with public, rather than private, insurance (6.0 ± 0.8 yr versus 3.1 ± 0.7 yr, p = 0.007) and those from low-income areas (8.6 ± 7.6 yr versus 2.4 ± 3.0 yr, p = 0.007). Time between hearing loss diagnosis and implantation was longer in publicly insured patients (4.1 ± 0.6 yr versus 2.2 ± 0.5 yr, p = 0.014). Time between identification as a CI candidate and implantation was longer in publicly insured patients (721 ± 107d versus 291 ± 64 d, p = 0.001). Among children with congenital profound hearing loss, publicly insured patients continued to be older at implantation (1.9 ± 0.2 versus 1.0 ± 0.2 yr, p = 0.008). Latinx children were more often publicly insured whereas white children were more often privately insured (p < 0.05). Publicly insured patients had delays in the pre-CI workup, including, in no particular order, vestibular evaluation (621 ± 132 d versus 197 ± 67 d, p = 0.007), developmental evaluation (517 ± 106 d versus 150 ± 56 d, p = 0.003), speech evaluation (482 ± 107 d versus 163 ± 65 d, p = 0.013), and children's implant profile (ChIP) assessment (572 ± 107d versus 184 ± 59d, p = 0,002). On ChIP evaluation, concerns regarding educational environment and support were higher in Spanish-speaking children (p = 0.024; p = 2.6 × 10-4) and children with public insurance (p = 0.016; p = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

Disparities in access to CI continue to affect timing of pediatric cochlear implantation.