Antifungal immunity: advances in PRR recognition, adaptive responses, and immune-based therapies.

As a common disease in human life, fungal infection poses a serious threat to human life and health. Moreover, owing to the rapid development of the immune escape mechanisms of fungi and the emergence of new drug-resistant fungi, existing therapeutic drugs are no longer able to meet the treatment needs of patients. In particular, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the first Fungal Priority Pathogens List (FPPL) in 2022, further emphasizing that we need to pay more attention to invasive fungal infections. In addition, the WHO has called for increased global investment in fungal infections and the development of antifungal drugs. In this review, we introduce the mechanism by which innate immune cell PRRs recognize fungal pathogen PAMPs, the role of adaptive immune cells in antifungal immunity, fungal infections caused by immune deficiencies, and the latest research progress in immune-based fungal therapies.