Decoding and Overcoming Temozolomide Resistance Through CRISPR/Cas Technologies.

Intrinsic and acquired resistance to temozolomide (TMZ), the standard chemotherapeutic agent for glioblastoma (GBM), is highly common and results in poor clinical outcomes. This review highlights the emerging dual role of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) technologies in addressing this challenge. First, it examines genome-wide CRISPR screens that revealed DNA damage repair networks, stress adaptations, stemness maintenance, and tumor heterogeneity as key drivers of resistance to TMZ. Second, it examines CRISPR/Cas-based strategies, including targeted gene disruption and epigenetic silencing of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), to restore TMZ sensitivity. Finally, it explores CRISPR/Cas-engineered brain tumor models. Alongside these approaches, CRISPR/Cas technologies highlight the value of decoding the multifactorial basis of TMZ resistance and guiding rational therapeutic strategies. Continued refinement of CRISPR/Cas tools may ultimately contribute to more effective treatments for GBM.