Traumatic experiences and substance abuse: mapping the territory.

This article examines the relationships between various types of traumatic experiences and addictive behavior, with an eye to formulating effective treatment strategies. Interventions in the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related fields are reviewed in an effort to understand how best to integrate them into substance abuse treatment. The recovery-oriented therapy model is used as a framework to define treatment tasks at each stage of the recovery process: how one addresses painful issues depends on the objective, given the recovery stage at hand. These tasks include making a commitment to abstinence, stopping alcohol and other drug use, consolidating abstinence and changing lifestyles, and addressing short- and long-term psychosocial issues. The article focuses on the clinical features of PTSD in an effort to enhance the practitioner's ability to address this disorder within the context of substance abuse treatment. Finally, recommendations are offered for training practitioners at varying skill levels in the addiction treatment field.