Pediatric Intestinal Transplantation.

Pediatric intestinal transplantation has moved from the theoretic to an actual therapy for children with irreversible intestinal failure who are suffering from complications of total parenteral nutrition. Owing to significant advancement in the management of intestinal failure and prevention of parenteral nutrition-related complications that have led to reduction in incidence of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease and have improved intestinal adaptation, the indications for intestinal transplantation are evolving. Long-term outcomes have improved, but challenges in long-term graft function owing to chronic rejection and immunosuppressant-related complications remain the major opportunities for improvement.