Functional assessment of genetic variants in thrombomodulin detected in patients with bleeding and thrombosis.

Thrombomodulin (TM) expressed on endothelial cells regulates coagulation. Specific nonsense variants in the TM gene, THBD, result in high soluble TM levels causing rare bleeding disorders. In contrast, although THBD variants have been associated with venous thromboembolism, this association remains controversial. A multigene panel was used to diagnose 601 patients with inherited bleeding or thrombotic disorders. This resulted in the identification of 8 THBD variants for 6 patients with a thrombotic (C175S, A282P, L433P, P501L, G502R, and P508L) and 2 patients with a bleeding (P260A and T478I) phenotype. These were all classified as variants of uncertain significance, and we here aimed to assess their functional role in coagulation. For this purpose, soluble and cell membrane-bound recombinant TM were produced in Expi293F cells. L433P TM showed a marked decrease in the inhibition of thrombin generation and complete inhibition of protein C and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) activation. Soluble C175S TM showed decreased inhibition of thrombin generation and protein C activation, whereas no effect was observed for cell membrane-bound recombinant TM. For the other TM variants, no effect on thrombin generation, protein C, or TAFI activation could be observed. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed no thrombin-TM binding in the presence of L433P because this residue is located at their interaction site. In conclusion, our study shows the functional effects of L433P TM and potentially C175S TM, which are compatible with an increased thrombosis risk. THBD variants are rare but can be relevant to both bleeding and thrombosis. Functional assays for these variants are critical to understand their roles.