Editorial: Outbreaks of Post-Pandemic Childhood Pneumonia and the Re-Emergence of Endemic Respiratory Infections.

In October and November 2023, hospitals in the major cities of Beijing and Liaoning in northern China reported a surge in cases of pneumonia in children, with some hospitals being overwhelmed by pediatric emergency admissions. Similar outbreaks of childhood pneumonia had been reported in the autumn of 2022 in Europe and North America. Therefore, increased reports of childhood pneumonia could be driven by post-pandemic changes in the pathogenesis of endemic respiratory infections other than COVID-19, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza, rather than emerging novel pathogens. However, the recent reports of increased hospitalizations for children with pneumonia warrant continued infection surveillance and monitoring to exclude new respiratory pathogens or more virulent variants of known pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. This editorial aims to present what is known about the re-emergence of endemic respiratory infections, which may be the cause of the recently reported outbreaks of childhood pneumonia.