Metabolic and Post-Translational Vulnerabilities of Glioblastoma: Disulfidptosis, Glycosylation, and Implications for CAR-T Therapy.

Glioblastoma (GB) remains one of the most therapy-resistant solid tumors, characterized by profound metabolic plasticity, intratumoral heterogeneity, and a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment. While immunotherapies such as chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells have shown promise in hematological malignancies, their efficacy in GB has been limited. Emerging evidence suggests that tumor-specific metabolic dependencies and post-translational modifications (PTMs) may represent exploitable vulnerabilities. This review discusses disulfidptosis, a recently described form of regulated cell death driven by disulfide stress under conditions of limited reducing capacity, as a context-dependent metabolic-redox vulnerability in GB. We further discuss how altered protein glycosylation and glycocalyx architecture in glioblastoma regulate cell survival, death signaling, and immune recognition. Particular emphasis is placed on the glycosylation of surface antigens targeted by CAR-T cells, including EGFR/EGFRvIII, IL-13Rα2, mesothelin, B7-H3, HER2, and GD2, and on how glycan-dependent epitope accessibility may limit therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we distinguish disulfidptosis, whose direct relevance to CAR-T-cell responses remains to be established, from glycosylation and glycocalyx remodeling as more direct determinants of target-antigen accessibility and immune recognition. Therapeutic strategies addressing these vulnerabilities may provide rational opportunities to improve CAR-T-based and combinatorial therapies for GB.