Seasonal and Demographic Patterns of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Qassim, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Observational Study (2016-2023).

INTRODUCTION

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic infection that presents a significant public health concern in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. This retrospective observational study aimed to investigate the seasonal patterns and distribution of CL cases in the Al-Qassim region, highlighting the importance of these factors in understanding the disease trends.

METHODS

The present study utilized retrospective observational data from a population cohort to examine reported instances of CL over an 8-year period. The Ministry of Health monitored the CL cases from January 2016 to December 2023. The data were systematically arranged by year, gender, age group, nationality, and season to analyze trends and variations in the disease's distribution at the population level. The chi-square test and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.

RESULTS

A total of 1199 confirmed CL cases were reported during the study period, with significant year-to-year variation (p < 0.005). Males accounted for the majority of cases (72.8%), and the highest burden was observed among individuals aged 15-45 years. Saudi nationals represented most reported cases (76.8%). A consistent seasonal pattern was observed, with higher case numbers during spring and winter, while summer showed the lowest incidence.

CONCLUSION

CL in Al-Qassim displays distinct demographic and seasonal trends, particularly among young adult males and during the spring and winter months. These patterns highlight the importance of targeted preventive measures and health interventions in high-risk populations and peak transmission periods.