Nrf2 signaling pathway and its molecular regulatory mechanism.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a crucial transcription factor that orchestrates the expression of genes involved in antioxidant defense, detoxification, and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the dual regulatory role of Nrf2 in both normal physiological and pathological conditions, focusing on the molecular mechanisms by which it modulates mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy. The review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of various synthetic and natural compounds, such as flavonoids and resveratrol, on Nrf2 activity. The review also explores the therapeutic potential of Nrf2 in neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, diabetes, and other disorders, laying a foundation for the development of Nrf2-targeted pharmacological interventions.