Targeting piroplasmosis and theileriosis: New frontiers in drug development.

Piroplasmosis (Babesiosis) and Theileriosis are tick-borne diseases caused by protozoan parasites of genera Babesia and Theileria, respectively. These diseases pose an imminent threat to livestock health and productivity, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The economic impact of these infections is substantial due to decreased milk and meat production, reproductive losses, increased veterinary costs, and, in severe cases, animal mortality. Despite decades of research, controlling and managing these diseases remains challenging. Traditional treatments, such as imidocarb dipropionate, diminazene aceturate, and buparvaquone, have limitations due to toxicity and the development of resistance. The emergence of drug-resistant parasite strains, the toxicity of available drugs, and environmental concerns related to acaricide use necessitate the development of alternative and more sustainable control approaches. In recent years, significant progress has been made in identifying novel chemotherapeutic compounds. This systematic review aims to consolidate current knowledge on controlling babesiosis and theileriosis, focusing on novel and emerging therapeutic strategies. By critically analyzing the recent literature, this review seeks to highlight promising approaches, identify research gaps, and provide direction for future studies in piroplasmosis control.