Microbial network assembly in bat flies with differing host specificity from North Africa.

The study investigates the microbial composition of bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) collected from Myotis punicus in Algeria, focusing on the diversity and dynamics of their microbiota through network analysis. The analysis targets two genera, Nycteribia and Penicillidia, comparing oioxenous and stenoxenous species to understand host specificity's influence on microbial communities. Utilizing 16S rRNA sequencing, alpha and beta diversity metrics, and co-occurrence networks, the study assesses microbial diversity, community composition, and the impact of specific bacteria (endosymbionts, commensals, and pathogens) on network stability. Results reveal significant microbial community variations between genera and species, with N. latreillii exhibiting the most complex network. We showed that host specificity and feeding strategies significantly influence microbial diversity and interactions within bat flies. Robustness analysis through node removal simulations identifies the roles of key bacteria, such as Wolbachia, Arsenophonus, and Bartonella, in maintaining network stability. Findings highlight the complex interplay between these microorganisms and their hosts, offering insights into microbial ecology and vector-pathogen dynamics. The research underscores the importance of bat flies in shaping pathogen transmission networks, contributing valuable knowledge to wildlife ecology, disease control, and conservation strategies.