Tofacitinib and pirfenidone as rescue therapies for severe COVID-19 in a patient with previously stable interstitial lung disease associated with Sjögren syndrome.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to pulmonary fibrosis due to the inflammatory process in the lung, resulting in a series of respiratory consequences. Patients with underlying systemic diseases or pre-existing pulmonary diseases are particularly at risk of severe respiratory distress and persistent pulmonary abnormalities. Pirfenidone, a well-known anti-fibrotic agent recognized for its therapeutic effect on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, could be a feasible option in severe COVID-19 cases given the similar pathophysiological features shared with interstitial lung diseases. In this paper, we share our experience of early administration of pirfenidone in combination with tofacitinib in a 61-year-old female patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Pirfenidone was initiated because of persistent dependence on high-flow oxygen support and even the requirement for mechanical ventilation due to disease progression after initial standard COVID-19 treatment. The patient was successfully extubated 15 days after the initiation of pirfenidone, and 13 days after extubation, she was completely weaned off supplemental oxygen. A series of chest radiographs and computed tomography scans demonstrated notable improvements in her lung condition. We propose a strategy of using pirfenidone plus tofacitinib as a rescue therapy in the management of patients with severe COVID-19.