Glutamatergic pathways as a target for the treatment of dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease.

PD (Parkinson's disease) is characterized by some typical motor features that are caused by striatal dopamine depletion and respond well to dopamine-replacement therapy with L-dopa. Unfortunately, the majority of PD patients treated with L-dopa develop abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesias) within a few years. The mechanisms underlying the development of LIDs (L-dopa-induced dyskinesias) involve, on one hand, a presynaptic dysregulation of dopamine release and clearance and, on the other hand, an abnormal postsynaptic response to dopamine in the brain. There is a large amount of evidence that these dopamine-dependent mechanisms are modulated by glutamatergic pathways and glutamate receptors. The present article summarizes the pathophysiological role of glutamatergic pathways in LID and reviews pre-clinical and clinical results obtained using pharmacological modulators of different classes and subtypes of glutamate receptors to treat parkinsonian dyskinesias.