Circulating endothelial cells: the role in aging and brain pathology.

Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are mature vascular cells found in peripheral blood, originating from the vascular wall. Normally, they are present in low numbers in the body. CECs are released into the blood during tissue turnover or vascular injury from various factors. In diseased patients, blood often has a higher and variable CEC concentration. Changes in CEC count can serve as a biomarker, indicating conditions involving endothelial cell changes, including hematological diseases. They reflect disease progression, predict treatment response, and prognosis in disease therapy. CECs serve a purpose and are thought to contribute to endothelial damage, revealing changes in the prognosis of disease in elderly patients and those with brain disorders. Additionally, CECs act as biomarkers for tumor vascular damage and therapy monitoring in cancers like glioblastoma. To understand their role as disease markers in brain and elderly patients, it is important to study CECs under pathological conditions. This review details the relationship between CECs, aging, and brain disorders and provides insights for prevention and treatment.