An exploration of neural predictors of treatment compliance in cognitive-behavioral group therapy for hoarding disorder.

A persistent and influential barrier to effective cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for patients with hoarding disorder (HD) is treatment retention and compliance. Recent research has suggested that HD patients have abnormal brain activity identified by functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) in regions often engaged for executive functioning (e.g., right superior frontal gyrus, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate), which raises questions about whether these abnormalities could relate to patients' ability to attend, understand, and engage in HD treatment. We examined data from 74 HD-diagnosed adults who completed fMRI-measured brain activity during a discarding task designed to elicit symptom-related brain dysfunction, exploring which regions' activity might predict treatment compliance variables, including treatment engagement (within-session compliance), homework completion (between-session compliance), and treatment attendance. Brain activity that was significantly related to within- and between-session compliance was found largely in insula, parietal, and premotor areas. No brain regions were associated with treatment attendance. The results add to findings from prior research that have found prefrontal, cingulate, and insula activity abnormalities in HD by suggesting that some aspects of HD brain dysfunction might play a role in preventing the engagement needed for therapeutic benefit.