Discovery of previously undescribed specialized metabolites from the endophytic fungus Penicillium griseofulvum.

Eight previously undescribed specialized metabolites were obtained and characterised from Penicillium griseofulvum, a root endophyte from Delphinium grandiflorum, namely three aryl ether derivatives (1-3), three 2,5-DKP derivatives (7-9), two aryl esters (10-11), along with 22 known compounds. Their structures were fully characterised by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. Notably, compounds 25, 28, and 30 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells (MDA-MB-231). Compound 29 demonstrated potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against clinical drug-resistant bacteria.