Shoo fly, don't bother me! Efficacy of traditional methods of protecting cattle from tsetse.

Studies were made of the efficacy of using smoke and housing to protect cattle from tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zimbabwe. The efficacy of smoke was assessed by its effect on catches in Epsilon traps baited with a blend of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 4-methylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol. The efficacies of different types of kraal (enclosure) were gauged according to the catches of electrocuting targets (E-targets), baited with natural ox odour, placed within various designs of kraal. Smoke from burning wood (Colophospermum mopane) or dried cow dung reduced the catch of traps by approximately 50-90%. Kraals with a continuous wooden or netting wall, 1.5 m high, reduced catches of E-targets by approximately 75%. Arrangements of electric nets were used to assess the numbers of tsetse attacking live cattle within kraals and/or near sources of smoke. The results confirmed findings with traps and E-targets: kraals reduced the numbers of tsetse that fed by approximately 80% and smoke reduced the numbers attracted by approximately 70%; the use of both reduced overall attack rates by approximately 90%. The inclusion of 4-methylguaiacol, a known repellent for tsetse and a natural component of wood smoke, halved the catches of traps and E-targets and the numbers of tsetse attacking cattle. The practical benefits and difficulties of using repellents and/or housing to manage trypanosomiases are discussed.