Epilepsy in the Hippocratic collection: Seizures and syndromes.

Despite extensive scholarship, several questions on the view of seizures and epilepsy in the Hippocratic collection have not been answered. The book 'On the Sacred Disease' contains descriptions of focal and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, understands the stigma attached to epilepsy, its association with depression, and probably describes auras. Remarkably, the collection presents a physiologic theory of 'mental' disease. Other parts of the collection suggest recognition of syndromes such as childhood febrile seizures. Non-motor seizures are not clearly described. There may be a distinction between 'acute symptomatic' and recurrent seizures or 'epilepsy.' Analysis of the relative occurrence of terms related to 'epilepsy' or 'spasms' in an online text collection shows a significant difference: 'epilepsy' terms are more frequent when seizures are described alone, while 'spasm' terms are more frequent in the context of systemic diseases or injuries. This dichotomy suggests, in contrast to previous accounts, possible understanding of the distinction between 'idiopathic' and 'symptomatic' seizure disorders.