Dissecting the aberrant vasculature of glioblastoma: mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and almost incurable tumor of the central nervous system. The GBM microenvironment is infiltrated by numerous abnormal and heterogeneous blood vessels, forming a unique chaotic and irregular vascular network. These aberrant vessels not only disrupt the delivery of oxygen and nutrients but also play critical roles in the malignant invasion, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance of GBM. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the morphological and functional alterations of the GBM vasculature compared with the normal blood-brain barrier, emphasizing the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying abnormal vessel formation and their contributions to tumor progression. Furthermore, we provide an updated overview of current vascular-targeted therapies for GBM and explore potential future clinical therapeutic directions.