Neuropsychiatric Abnormalities in Metabolic Disturbances: Interplay of Adipokines and Neurotransmission.

Metabolic syndrome, with a high global incidence, is characterized by central obesity, elevated fasting blood glucose, high blood pressure, and abnormal lipid levels, including reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglycerides. These metabolic dysfunctions can lead to neurotransmitter alterations and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. These changes, in turn, contribute to mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Adipokines, secreted from adipose tissue, modulate various metabolic processes, neurotransmission, and immune responses. The interplay between adipokines and neurotransmitters may be a critical component underlying the interaction between metabolic abnormalities and mental disorders. This review aims to discuss the brain-metabolism axis, focusing on altered levels of adipokines and neurotransmitters in metabolic and mental disorders.