A review of cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the rationale for interoceptive exposure.

Panic disorder commonly co-occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and translational interventions are needed to address the fear of physiological arousal in this population. This paper examines the utility of interoceptive exposures (IE), a key component of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder, in patients with comorbid panic and COPD. Our translational review of the literature suggests that IE is supported by both cognitive- and learning-theory perspectives of panic, and that the breathing exercises associated with IE are safe and highly compatible with existing pulmonary rehabilitation exercises for COPD. Unfortunately, few research studies have examined the use of CBT to treat anxiety in COPD patients, and none have included IE. Given the strong theoretical and empirical support for the use of IE, we suggest that mental health providers should consider incorporating IE into CBT interventions for patients with comorbid panic and COPD.