The complexities of assessing and managing pain in individuals with advanced dementia.

Individuals with advanced dementia are at high risk of experiencing pain, yet assessment and management remain complex due to impaired communication and reliance on behavioural indicators. This article considers the strengths and limitations of behavioural pain assessment tools, alongside pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to management. Recommendations for nursing practice emphasise cautious use of validated tools, involvement of family carers, and holistic, person-centred care that combines therapeutic and pharmacological strategies where appropriate. By adopting flexible and evidence-based approaches, nurses can improve recognition, assessment and management of pain, enhancing the quality of life for individuals with advanced dementia.