Hesperidin as an Emerging Nutraceutical in Modern Health and Preventive Medicine: A Narrative Review.

Hesperidin is a bioactive flavonoid found in citrus fruits and has become a promising nutraceutical with multidimensional health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and metabolic-regulatory effects. However, poor bioavailability, variations in clinical efficacy, and limited standardized formulations are some of the challenges confronting this bioactive compound. Over the years, nanotechnology has remained a source of great developments in improving the absorption rate and specific delivery of hesperidin, thereby making it more therapeutic. Two such recent developments are nanoencapsulation and phytosome-based delivery systems. In addition, emerging data have highlighted the importance of this seemingly mundane foodstuff in bridging the gut-brain axis, shaping the gut microbiome, and offering beneficial effects against chronic low-grade inflammation, as well as metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, additional phase 2 or 3 clinical trials should be performed to identify an optimal dose, safety in the long term, and synergy with other bioactive compounds. To enhance the preventive and therapeutic power of hesperidin, future studies should focus on individualized nutritional strategies, sustainable sources, and innovative, practical uses of functional foods. This review discusses the existing evidence on the mechanisms and the beneficial health effects of hesperidin, as well as providing future directions.