Precocious puberty: growth and genetics.

The precise neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis maturation are elusive. The wide age range of pubertal onset among normal individuals throughout the world may suggest that both genetic and environmental factors modulate the timing of puberty. Early activation of the HPG axis, termed central precocious puberty (CPP), causes psychosocial difficulties and may lead to compromised final height, especially if medical intervention is delayed. Although CPP is considered to be idiopathic in the majority of patients, we have recently reported a 27.5% prevalence of familial cases among 147 patients with idiopathic CPP. Segregation analysis of this cohort suggested an autosomal dominant transmission with incomplete sex-dependent penetrance. Allelic variants of candidate genes that regulate the timing of puberty may cause familial CPP. Detection of these genes will provide a tool for identification of children at risk of developing CPP, enabling early intervention with the aim of preventing its distressing outcomes.